Connectivity & Infrastructure
Deep dives on private circuits, IP transit, cloud on-ramps, optical fibre, CDNs, submarine cables, IXPs, BGP and operational resilience.
Google & Meta Submarine Cables: Global Capacity, Future Investments and Carrier Partnerships
Hyperscaler-owned cable portfolios — Dunant, Equiano, Grace Hopper, 2Africa, Amitié, Anjana, Project Waterworth — plus the Telxius, Vodafone, Orange, Bayobab and Aqua Comms partnerships behind them.
Global Connectivity: Submarine Cables, IXPs, and BGP
How a packet from Singapore reaches a server overseas through submarine cables, peering, transit and BGP.
Global IP Network Traffic Explained: IP Transit, BGP, ASNs and Peering
How global IP transit, BGP routing, ASNs, peering, internet backbones and RPKI move traffic between networks.
IP Transit Explained: BGP, Routes, Peering and Internet Reachability
BGP routing, full tables, default routes, peering, multihoming, SLAs and provider checks.
Cloud Connect and On-Ramps Explained
Private cloud connectivity, cross-connects, hosted connections, routing, redundancy and latency.
Starlink Satellite Internet Explained: LEO Satellites, Phased Arrays and Low-Latency Broadband
How Starlink uses low Earth orbit, phased-array antennas, beam steering, gateways and laser links to deliver broadband where fibre cannot reach.
Layer 1 vs Layer 2 Point-to-Point Circuits
How optical transport and Ethernet private line services differ, and when each belongs in a WAN or DCI design.
Optical Fiber Communications Systems Explained
Fibre types, transceivers, wavelengths, DWDM, attenuation, dispersion, splicing and testing.
Submarine Cable Landing Stations in Singapore: Sites, Systems and How New Cables Come Ashore
The Changi, Tuas and Tanah Merah landing sites, IMDA’s four-step approval process, 28 in-service cable systems and the new builds arriving through 2028.
Structured Optical Fibre Cabling in Singapore: Standards, Certifications and Design Best Practices
IMDA’s 2024 wiring rules, COPIF, TIA-942-C and ISO/IEC 11801 — plus fibre selection (OS2, OM4, OM5), MPO density, Tier 1/2 testing and installer certifications.
Dark Fibre in Singapore: Technical Use Cases, Regulations, and Data Centre Connectivity
DWDM optics, cable landing station backhaul and data centre interconnect, plus IMDA licensing, structural separation and the main Singapore providers.
Content Delivery Networks Explained: CDN Caching, Edge and Security
Caching, edge locations, origin shielding, dynamic acceleration, TLS, WAF and DDoS protection.
International Submarine Network Operations and Maintenance
How subsea networks are monitored, repaired and restored: NOCs, cable ships, permits and route diversity.